Infectious Disease

Pandemics attributable to different influenza A virus subtypes occurredat irregular intervals throughout the 20th century. Because the timingof a pandemic cannot be predicted, we must be prepared for such an outbreak.Although influenza is generally viewed as an illness with potentiallydeadly effects primarily for elderly persons, it can lead to significant morbidityand mortality in otherwise healthy infants and toddlers and in other highriskgroups.

Before you collect a nasal swab for an influenza test,instruct the patient to repeatedly squeeze his or hernares just below the cartilage.

A 2-month-old infant is brought to the office by his parents becausehe has been crying inconsolably for the past 4 to 5 hours. The childhas been well since birth and has no history of vomiting, diarrhea, fever, orrash. The infant is being breast-fed, is not taking any medication, and hasnot been in contact with any sick persons.

If a sore throat persists even when antibiotics are used,counsel the patient to try this remedy.

What is the connection between cockroach allergy and wheezing or asthmain children?

Our laboratory has begun reporting group G β-hemolytic streptococci in addition to group A on throat cultures.

I have been a pediatrician/family physician for about 40years, and I have been exposed to most diseases.

Good nutritional care can improve the short-and longtermcourses of many illnesses that are common in olderadults. The experts who have contributed to this handbookdiscuss the disorders that can seriously affect andbe affected by nutrition, and they present specific recommendationsfor secondary prevention and management.

A46-year-old white man is hospitalized with increasing dyspnea of 3weeks’ duration. He has a history of stable chronic obstructive pulmonarydisease secondary to heavy smoking (2 packs of cigarettes a day for 27years, discontinued 6 years previously) and uses inhaled bronchodilators.

For 3 days, a 42-year-old man has had episodic dullchest pain. The anterior precordial and retrosternalpain intensifies with inspiration and movement. He has nohistory of recent viral infection, hypertension, coronaryartery disease, cardiac surgery, diabetes mellitus, or hyperlipidemia.There is no family history of cardiovasculardisease.

Use this ABCDE mnemonic to distinguishnecrotizing fasciitis, which usuallyrequires surgery, from cellulitis,which can be treated with antibioticsalone:

For the past month, a 19-year-old woman has had abdominalpain, diarrhea, intermittent fever, and occasionalvomiting. She now seeks medical attention because earlierin the day she noticed a large amount of blood in herstool. She denies trauma, travel to a foreign country, andillicit drug use. She drinks alcohol occasionally but hasnot done so for the past 3 months.

A 38-year-old overweight woman presents with an asymptomatic rash ofat least 2 months’ duration that had not responded to a combinationcorticosteroid/antifungal agent. She has mild hypertension and type 2 diabetesmellitus that is being managed with diet and exercise. She is otherwisehealthy.

In response to Dr Joseph Schube’s inquiry about a puzzlingurine culture that showed &#946-hemolytic streptococci (CONSULTANT,July 2002, page 974), I suggest that he consider oralintercourse as a possible source of the infection.

When a patient with diabetes presentswith a foot wound, prompt and aggressiveintervention is required topromote healing and to prevent progressionthat could lead to a leg amputation.Fortunately, the majority ofdiabetic foot wounds heal rapidly withlittle difficulty.

In Dr Navin Amin’s “What’s Wrong With This Picture?”case of a girl with infectious mononucleosis who had severepharygnitis and worsening dyspnea (CONSULTANT, December2003, page 1657), the patient was given parenteralhydrocortisone and later oral prednisolone.

A 7-year-old girl presents for evaluation of a pink, polypoid, 2 x 2-mm lesionon her inner lower lip, which has been present for several weeks. The child isasymptomatic and denies any trauma to the mouth.

My patient is a woman in her midtwentieswho recently presented with anerythematous, slightly pruritic lesionon her thigh.

A 64-year-old woman complainsof neck fullness that has increased inthe last few months. She has occasionaldyspnea but denies fever, cough, andhemoptysis. Hypertension is well-controlledwith propranolol.

Under what circumstances would the result of a monospottest be negative, while results of an Epstein-Barr virus(EBV) early antigen and a virus capsid antigen IgG testare positive?

An estimated 20million Americansare currentlyinfectedwith humanpapillomavirus (HPV). Assuch, HPV is now the mostprevalent sexually transmitteddisease (STD) in thiscountry. Answers to commonquestions like the onesabove are therefore of particularinterest to physicians.The issue of when and howto use testing for HPV hasbecome especially crucial.

My patient is a 42-year-old man who complains of fatigue. He says that drinkingsome kind of “sports drink” makes him feel better.

A 73-year-old man is admittedto the hospital with pulmonary tuberculosis.A 3-drug fixed combination-isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide-and ethambutol are given.Within an hour, a global urticarialrash erupts (A and B).

For nearly 3 years, my patient has had frequent recurrences (now, almost monthly)of erythematous, slightly pruritic lesions on the lower back, inguinal area, orbuttocks-but never on the genitalia.

An 84-year-old man complains of worsening angina pectoris that started3 months earlier. The patient has had aortic stenosis for about 10 years. Healso has diabetes, which is controlled with oral agents.

A 53-year-old woman, who has a remote history of acne, says that facial rednessappears each time she has a migraine. Her migraine medication, fiorinalwith codeine, ameliorates the headache, but the erythema lingers for days.

A 47-year-old man has had a posterior neck mass for severalmonths. The mass is not painful and has not changed color, but it continues toenlarge.

Long-standing chorioretinal scarring in both eyes didnot affect a 67-year-old woman’s vision. The scars wereroundish, irregular, and yellowish white with interior pigmentation(A and B).

A painful scalp eruption of 4 days’duration brings an 81-year-old man toyour office. He has taken a lipid-loweringagent and an antihypertensivefor years but has not started any newmedications recently. One week earlier,he had a haircut. He denies recenttrauma to the scalp.

Q:What is the most common radiographicpresentation of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)among persons with HIV infection?