Infection

A 69-year-old retired accountant presents with a 2-month history of daily headaches. The pain is moderate, constant,global, pressure-like, and occasionally pulsating; it is sometimes exacerbated when the patient lies down. He denies nauseaor vomiting, ocular symptoms, weakness, or sensitivity to light. His wife reports that years ago he experienced throbbingheadaches regularly.

ABSTRACT: A key objective in the follow-up of women with a history of breast cancer is the detection of local and distant disease at a curable stage. Regular clinical examination and yearly mammography are the standard of care. No consistent evidence supports annual chest radiography, bone scans, or tests of serum tumor markers. Order laboratory or diagnostic tests only if indicated by clinical findings. Advise women to report new symptoms promptly rather than waiting for the next scheduled examination. Some evidence supports the use of venlafaxine for tamoxifen-associated hot flashes. Despite the increased incidence of endometrial carcinoma in women taking tamoxifen, routine endometrial biopsies are not recommended. Most experts advise that women with a history of breast cancer who wish to have a child wait 2 to 3 years before becoming pregnant.

According to the CDC, last year's influenza season in the United States was mild to moderate.1Influenza activity increased in mid January and peaked during mid to late February. The percentage of deaths associated with pneumonia and influenza exceeded the epidemic threshold for 5 consecutive weeks. Influenza A (H3N2) viruses predominated, although toward the end of the season, influenza B viruses were identified more often than influenza A viruses.

During a routine office visit, a 64-year-old woman who has had type 2 diabetesfor more than 10 years complains of increased pedal edema. The edema is minimalon awakening and worsens throughout the day.

The mother of a 6-year-old child brings her to your office becauseof a pruritic rash that has been present for several days. The rash did not respondto hydrocortisone cream and has continued to spread along the patient’sleft side.

I have a 74-year-old male patient who has peeling lips and recurrent painful aphthousulcers.

A 32-year-old man who was seropositive for HIV presented with a tender lesion on his right foot of about 3 months' duration. The patient's only medication was zidovudine. His CD4+ cell count was 120/µL.

For 1 month, a 25-year-old woman had experienced discomfort in and around the left eye and diplopia. She was in good health; she reported no weight loss, excessive nervousness, heat intolerance, decreased strength, changes in the texture of hair or skin, or altered bowel habits. There was no personal or family history of goiter or other thyroid disease.

A pruritic rash developed on the feet of a 40-year-old woman 2 days after she had worn a new pair of shoes for a few hours. The erythematous, papular, scaly eruption was more prominent on the right foot.

Although acute low back pain usuallyresolves within 6 weeks-with or withouttreatment-the pain may signal asignificant neurologic or life-threateningdisease that warrants immediateintervention.

A 22-year-old Filipino man with fever, lethargy, weakness, and malaise of 5 days' duration was brought to the emergency department by his family. Two days earlier, oral penicillin had been prescribed for streptococcal pharyngitis. The patient was unable to walk because of profound weakness. Circular and linear ecchymotic lesions were noted on his back.

For 2 days, a 43-year-old woman has had a slightly tender rash on her trunk andextremities. Five days earlier, the patient was given levofloxacin for an upperrespiratory tract infection; because she is prone to yeast infections while takingantibiotics, fluconazole also was prescribed.

Even though highly active antiretroviral therapies and effective chemoprophylaxis are available, the exposure of HIV-infected patients to opportunistic pathogens remains a concern.

ABSTRACT: Most patients with nonspecific low back pain recover spontaneously within 4 to 6 weeks. Patients who resume their normal activities as soon as possible generally recover faster than those who stay in bed; analgesics speed recovery. Sciatica is usually caused by a herniated disk. However, if the patient has a demonstrable neurologic deficit, obtain plain radiographs to rule out tumor, spondylolisthesis, fracture, and infection. Administer high-dose intravenous corticosteroids immediately to patients with suspected epidural compression syndrome. Back pain in a patient with a history of cancer may indicate metastasis to the spine. If a cancer patient has new or aggravated symptoms, start corticosteroid therapy and order plain radiographs and MRI scans.

A previously healthy elderly woman reports that she has hadunilateral facial pain and crusting skin lesions for several days. She decides toseek medical care because of concomitant impaired visual acuity.

Several of my female patients have chronic itchy, burningvulvitis.

For 2 days, a 68-year-old woman had watery, yellowish diarrhea with mucus and left lower quadrant pain. Her medical history included hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and congestive heart failure (CHF); she had left the hospital 5 days earlier following treatment of an exacerbation of CHF with intravenous furosemide and sodium and fluid restriction. The patient was taking furosemide, lisinopril, and glipizide; she denied any recent antibiotic therapy.

A 63-year-old woman seeks evaluation of a persistent, rough, red area onthe dorsum of her left index finger. The lesion has been present for severalmonths. The patient’s manicurist is convinced it is a wart.

A 13-year-old boy presents with swelling of the left eyelidsthat started 12 hours earlier; the eyelashes are mattedwith yellow discharge. He does not wear contact lenses oreyeglasses and denies ocular trauma or foreign bodies. Hehas been nauseated and has vomited once; his motherattributes these symptoms to an antibiotic that was prescribed5 days earlier for a sinus infection. Medical historyis noncontributory; there is no family history of ocularproblems.

To facilitate removal of a subdermalforeign body from a patient’s hand,turn on an otoscope and lay it ona work surface, turn off the lights inthe room, and hold the hand againstthe otoscope.

A swollen, painful eyelid prompted a 39-year-old man to seek medical attention.The patient had noticed swelling, redness, and irritation in his left lateral eyebrowarea 2 days earlier. Upon awakening on the morning of his appointment,the left upper eyelid also felt full and tender and was drooping. A pointed drainingarea of purulent material had formed in the lateral brow region (not visiblehere). The patient was afebrile and denied any recent periorbital trauma. Hewas otherwise healthy; his only medication was a daily multivitamin.

A 37-year-old woman complains of “itchy bumps” that erupted just above herwaist 2 or 3 days earlier. She denies having had this condition in the past.The patient is otherwise healthy and takes no medications. An avid gardener,she claims to be able to identify and avoid poisonous plants.

After 5 weeks of undulating fever, weight loss, and night sweats, a 22-year-old man presented to the emergency department. He reported no significant medical history. The patient had recently completed a course of tetracycline followed by another of azithromycin for a presumed upper respiratory tract infection.

I read with interest Dr Virenda Parikh’s case of a young woman with extensiveanal condylomata acuminata (CONSULTANT, April 15, 2001, page 737).

My patient reports that erythemanodosum occurred when she took anoral contraceptive (OC) in the1990s.

The most appropriate choice is B. The history andphysical findings suggest that the patient may have afracture or contusion of the foot from trauma. There areno systemic signs that suggest an underlying infectious,chronic inflammatory, or oncologic process. A plain x-rayfilm of the foot is necessary to seewhether a fracture is present andwhether immobilization will be necessary.In the absence of fever and localerythema, infection appears unlikely,and a CBC count is unwarranted.

Children often resist examinations forotitis externa because of pain and tenderness.

ABSTRACT: A focused history taking and physical examination directed toward uncovering signs that suggest a serious underlying cause of low back pain are crucial. "Red flags" include pain that lasts more than 6 weeks; pain in persons younger than 18 years or older than 50 years; pain that radiates below the knee; a history of major trauma; poor rectal tone; constitutional symptoms; atypical pain (eg, that which occurs at night or that is unrelenting); the presence of a severe or rapidly progressive neurologic deficit; and a history of malignancy. These markers provide a cost-effective means of guiding your selection of laboratory and diagnostic imaging studies.

Foot ulcerations and infections are the leading cause of hospitalizationamong patients with diabetes; they occur in about15% of these patients. Given the rapidly increasing incidenceof diabetes, physicians can expect to see a growing numberof diabetic foot problems. Here, a group of experts, many ofwhom practice at the renowned Joslin-Beth Israel DeaconessFoot Center in Boston, offer guidance on all aspects of diabeticfoot care. The topics covered range from proven preventivestrategies to cutting-edge wound care techniques that drawon such new developments as growth factors and living skinequivalents. A detailed review of the pathophysiology of thediabetic foot is also included. The emphasis throughout is ona multidisciplinary approach that incorporates the servicesof diabetologists, podiatrists, orthopedic surgeons, orthotists,diabetic nurse educators, and others. Numerous black-and-whiteand color photographs, drawings, algorithms, and charts illustratethe text.

Although many patients with primary HSV-1 infection have no clinicalrecurrences, the failure to seroconvert occurs very seldom-inno more than 1% of patients.