Investigational Oral Agent Muvalaplin Reduces Lp(a) by Up to 85% in High-Risk Adults: Phase 2 Data

Competition is already heating up in a drug class where therapies are not yet approved, as findings for the first oral drug to lower lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) showed promise in a presentation today at the 2024 American Heart Association (AHA) Scientific Sessions, which drew to a close in Chicago, Illinois.

Stephen Nicholls, MBBS, PhD

Courtesy of Monash University

Muvalaplin is administered orally, once daily. At 12 weeks, reductions in Lp(a) of up to 85% were observed in adults receiving the highest dose.

In a phase 2 study, muvalaplin was found to significantly reduce Lp(a) using both the traditional test for measuring these particles in the blood, and a new test that more accurately assesses how muvalaplin works to disrupt them, according to lead study author Stephen Nicholls, MBBS, PhD, director of the Victorian Heart Institute at Monash University in Melbourne, Australia.

Lp(a) Structure

Lp(a) is a genetically driven variant of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, that is known to be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and currently has no approved treatments. As commenter Erin D. Michos, MD, PhD, of Johns Hopkins noted at a press briefing, elevated Lp(a) affects about 1 in 5 people worldwide.

The 2 major protein components of Lp(a) are apolipoprotein(a), or Apo(a), associated with high-density lipoprotein or “good” cholesterol and apolipoprotein(b), or ApoB, associated with LDL or “bad” cholesterol. Muvalaplin works, Nicholls explained at the press briefing, by disrupting the bonding of apo(a) to apoB, which does not allow Lp(a) to form.

The study examined 3 different doses, at 10 mg, 60 mg, and 240 mg vs placebo over 12 weeks. To enroll, patients had to have serum level Lp(a) of at least 175 mmol/L.

In addition, the study team measured how well muvalaplin reduced oxidized phospholipids; Nicholls explained that Lp(a) acts as a “reservoir” for oxidized phospholipids, and “there is a school of thought that this is plays a particular mechanistic role in driving the relationship between Lp(a) and atherosclerotic disease.”

Muvalapin Impact

Results showed the study drug significantly reduced oxidized phospholipids as well, he demonstrated. Detailed results showed:

• In the traditional blood test, muvalaplin reduced Lp(a) by 70% compared with placebo, and it reduced Lp(a) by 85.5% in a new test that evaluates “intact” Lp(a) particles, accounting for those particles that might attach to the drug, Nicholls explained.
• Treatment with muvalaplin helped 97% of participants to bring Lp(a) levels below 125 nmol/L, as measured by the intact Lp(a) particle test, or about 82% of what they measured with the traditional blood test.
• Compared with placebo, muvalaplin lowered ApoB by as much as 16% with no change in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, which would have indicated heart attack or stroke risk.
• The percentage of serious adverse events was about the same in the placebo arm (6%) as the 10 mg arm (5.9%) , and the percentages were lower in the other arms, with 60 mg at 2.9% and 240 mg at 3.2%.

Muvalaplin, being developed by Eli Lilly, is the latest of the therapies targeting Lp(a) to generate interest at recent cardiology conference, but the first that would not require injection. Nicholls said these data follow up on previously reported phase 1 results, which showed a reduction of 65% for muvalaplin compared with placebo and were reported in JAMA in 2023.

Nicholls emphasized that Lp(a) is a distinct, independent risk factor from others that might be treated by primary care physicians and cardiologists; current recommendations call for adults to be tested at least once in their lifetime to learn whether they have elevated levels.

According to a statement from the AHA, Black individuals of African descent and South Asian populations frequently have the highest Lp(a) levels, according to the organization’s 2021 scientific statement “Lipoprotein(a): A Genetically Determined, Causal, and Prevalent Risk Factor for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease.”

Lp(a) levels of 50 mg/dL (125 nmol/L) or higher contribute to clotting and inflammation, and significantly elevate the the risk of heart attack, stroke, peripheral artery disease; the presence of Lp(a) is especially dangerous for those who have existing CVD or a history of familial hypercholesterolemia.

Multiple Lp(a) therapies are under development; those in the later stages include:

• Pelacarsen, an antisense oligonucleotide given once a month. Developed by Ionis/Novartis, its phase 3 HORIZON outcomes trial is expected to be complete in 2025.
• Olpasiran, an siRNA therapy given every 3 months. Developed by Amgen, its phase 3 OCEAN(a) outcomes trial is scheduled to be complete in 2027.

Nicholls said the next steps are phase 3 trials and cardiovascular outcomes trials before the therapy could reach the market.

Source: Nicholls SJ, Wei N, Rhodes GM, et al. Phase 2 trial of an oral small molecule inhibitor of lipoprotein(a) formation. Presented at: American Heart Association Scientific Sessions; November 16-18, 2024; Chicago, IL. Abstract LBS 08.