Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: A quick review of recent studies
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a common and serious complication of heparin therapy, occurring in about 1% to 5% of patients.1 It occurs more often with unfractionated heparin than with low molecular weight heparin. Complications of HIT include venous thromboembolism, arterial thrombosis, skin necrosis, and limb gangrene.2,3 Before the introduction of the direct thrombin inhibitors, the mortality rate associated with HIT was 20% to 25%.4-6
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a common and serious complication of heparin therapy, occurring in about 1% to 5% of patients.1 It occurs more often with unfractionated heparin than with low molecular weight heparin. Complications of HIT include venous thromboembolism, arterial thrombosis, skin necrosis, and limb gangrene.2,3 Before the introduction of the direct thrombin inhibitors, the mortality rate associated with HIT was 20% to 25%.4-6
Prompt treatment of HIT, which includes the discontinuation of hep-arin and the initiation of an alternative anticoagulant, is essential to prevent complications. Alternative anticoagulant regimens are shown in the Table. The direct thrombin inhibitors argatroban and lepirudin have been demonstrated to be effec- tive in managing HIT and in reducing the risk of thrombotic events.4-6
In addition, prophylactic doses of the factor Xa inhibitor fondaparinux may be effective, since there is no cross-reactivity with HIT antibodies in vitro.7 Successful therapeutic anticoagulation with fondaparinux has been reported in the setting of HIT with thromboembolic complications.8 This agent has not been approved by the FDA for the treatment of HIT.
HIT in patients with ventricular assist devices
Although HIT is uncommon in the ICU setting, the risk is relatively high in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.9 Recently, Koster and associates10 reported that HIT is a common complication in patients who have an implanted ventricular assist device (VAD) and is associated with less favorable outcomes.
The retrospective study included 358 patients who had implanted VADs and found that HIT developed in 15 (4.5%) of the patients before VAD implantation and in 13 (3.9%) after VAD implantation. Procedural success--defined as discharge from the hospital or transplantation or recovery of the failing heart--was less likely to occur in patients who had HIT after VAD implantation (31%) than in those who did not have HIT (50%) or who had HIT before VAD implantation (67%).
The authors say that the early detection of HIT antibodies before or soon after VAD implantation and the immediate initiation of an alternative anticoagulation regimen should result in improved patient outcomes.
Using argatroban in patients with impaired renal function
Guzzi and colleagues11 report that argatroban, when administered according to current recommendations, provides adequate levels of anticoagulation and is well tolerated in patients with varying levels of renal function. They retrospectively studied the influence of renal function on argatroban therapy in 260 patients with HIT; patients with abnormal liver function were excluded from the study.
Patients were stratified on the basis of creatinine clearance: 144 had normal to mild renal impairment, 80 had moderate renal impairment, and 36 had severe renal impairment. Argatroban therapy was initiated at a mean infusion dose of 1.8 ± 0.7 µg/kg/min (overall), titrated to achieve an activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) of 1.5 to 3 times baseline.
Among the 3 renal function groups, there were no significant differences in argatroban dose, duration of therapy, or aPTT. Regression analyses revealed a 0.1 µg/kg/min increase in dose for each 30 mL/min increase in creatinine clearance. The groups did not differ with respect to the incidence of new thrombosis or major bleeding.
The authors conclude that altered renal function does not have a significant effect on argatroban doses, aPTT, or rates of thrombosis or bleeding. They say that their findings support the use of argatroban as an alternative anticoagulant in most patients with HIT who have impaired renal function.
Fondaparinux as bridging therapy
When HIT is suspected, heparin should be discontinued and the patient should be given an alternative anticoagulant as bridging therapy while awaiting the results of laboratory tests to confirm the diagnosis of HIT. Wester and associates12 reported successful use of low-dose fondaparinux as bridging therapy in a small group of critically ill patients in whom HIT was suspected.
After therapy with unfractionated heparin or nadroparin was discontinued, the 7 patients in the study were given fondaparinux, 2.5 mg/d for 1.8 to 6.5 days. Anti-Xa levels varied from 0.1 to 0.6 U/mL. There was a negative correlation between creatinine clearance and mean and maximum anti-Xa levels. The authors found that no thromboembolic complications or major bleeding events occurred.
References:
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