Cardiology

A 64-year-old woman presents with persistent, progressively worsening chest pain and dyspnea of 1 month's duration. She also reports orthopnea, bilateral leg swelling, and weight gain. She denies any history of similar symptoms.

The optimal approach to subclinical hypothyroidism continues to be debated. Experts disagree over screening for thyroid dysfunction, the threshold TSH level for treatment, and the upper limit of normal of the TSH reference range.

Over the past few decades, the management of chronic disease has assumed a greater role in health care. Diseases such as diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and depression have replaced acute disorders as the leading cause of morbidity, mortality, and health care expenditures.

The recent editorial by David T. Nash, MD, "OTC Statins: Panacea or Pandora's Box?", prompted a number of readers to write in.

Should patients with prehypertension be treated with antihypertensive drugs?

A 64-year-old woman presents with persistent, progressively worsening chest pain and dyspnea of 1 month's duration. She also reports orthopnea, bilateral leg swelling, and weight gain. She denies any history of similar symptoms.

Five days after starting aspirin and warfarin with an enoxaparin bridge for new-onset atrial fibrillation, a 92-year-old man presented with abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. The patient appeared ill and was tachycardic. He had dry mucous membranes; pale sclerae; diminished bowel sounds; and a large, tender left lower abdominal mass. Hematocrit was 22% (baseline, 39%); hemoglobin, 6.8 g/dL; blood urea nitrogen, 65 mg/dL; and creatinine, 3.2 mg/dL (baseline, 1.3 mg/dL). His "pre-renal" ratio was 20. These findings were consistent with bleeding and acute renal failure. He also had a supratherapeutic international normalized ratio (INR) of 4.1.

A 50-year-old man with alcohol-induced cirrhosis was hospitalized with lower GI bleeding. On examination, he was pale, heart rate was 100 beats per minute, and blood pressure was 100/60 mm Hg. He was anemic (hemoglobin level, 9 g/dL) and thrombocytopenic (platelet count, 112,000/µL).

An 82-year-old man presents with shoulder pain resulting from a fall the day before. He has had intermittent episodes of light-headedness, chest pain, and "flutterings in the chest" over the past week--including one this morning. Episodes last about 2 hours and resolve spontaneously. He denies any loss of consciousness, weakness, or worsening of symptoms with exertion. He also denies headache, abdominal pain, and other injuries. His medical history includes coronary artery disease (treated with bypass grafting 10 years earlier); prostate cancer; and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, for which he is receiving chemotherapy.

An 82-year-old man presents with shoulder pain resulting from a fall the day before. He has had intermittent episodes of light-headedness, chest pain, and "flutterings in the chest" over the past week--including one this morning.

The sale of simvastatin over-the-counter has been approved in the United Kingdom. Is this a first step in permitting other medications for asymptomatic diseases (such as hypertension) to be available over-the-counter? Dr Nash calls for a national debate on the availability of drugs to consumers.

Plumbing analogies can help asymptomaticpatients comprehend the seriousnessof elevated lipid and bloodpressure levels.

A broken nose can result in a greatdeal of swelling and discomfort-andoften bleeding as well.

I have read that the concurrent use of an NSAID and an angiotensin-convertingenzyme (ACE) inhibitor may impair the antihypertensive effect of the ACEinhibitor. What is the mechanism of this interaction?

My patient is taking a statin for hypercholesterolemia, and his liver enzyme levelsare markedly elevated. How should I proceed?

A 22-year-old woman presents with fever and malaise of1 month’s duration. About 3 weeks earlier she went to theemergency department. Erythromycin was prescribed,and the patient was told to seek medical attention if hercondition did not improve. Since that time, her healthhas worsened, the fever has continued, and she has lostweight. She says she has had painful areas on her handsand feet but no rash.

A 20-year-old college student presents with frequent heart palpitations. Hehas been in excellent health.

A 24-year-old woman complained of a rash on both feet and legs. She had also had intermittent pain in both ankles for the past year.

Diabetes is epidemic! The numbersare truly alarming. In 1997, official datashowed that 16 million people in theUnited States had diabetes. Approximately1 million had type 1 disease,and 10.4 million had type 2 disease; theremainder had undiagnosed diabetes.1If these numbers are projected outagainst an annual increase in diseaseprevalence of about 3.5%, it means thatby the year 2028, 50 million people willhave diabetes. However, the actual rateis closer to 7% each year. As such, approximately100 million Americans-roughly 1 of every 4-will have diabetesby 2028.

A 53-year-old man presents to the emergency department(ED) with chest pain that started the previous night. Thepain began about 30 minutes after he had smoked marijuanaand inhaled cocaine. He describes the pain as tightnessin the left side of the chest that radiates into theneck; he also has a tingling sensation in both the left sideof the neck and the left arm.

My patient has lung cancer with liver metastasis.

An examination of the evidence on the cardioprotective benefits associated with various intensity levels, types, and amounts of physical activity, as well as tips on a beneficial yet realistic exercise program.

A 57-year-old woman presents with severe chest pain, and a frontal upright radiograph of the chest is obtained. What does this image reveal, and how will you arrive at a diagnosis?

A 59-year-old man has had chest discomfort for several months. He firstnoticed the symptoms when he was doing heavy lifting and moving at work.The discomfort starts in the midsternal region and radiates to the left shoulderand arm. It is often accompanied by diaphoresis, but there is no dizziness ordyspnea. The discomfort always subsides a few minutes after the patientstops the activity that brought it on. More recently, he has experienced similarsymptoms while walking up steep hills on the golf course and dancing at awedding.

A 3-day history of intermittent fainting spells brings a 49-year-old man to youroffice. His only significant medical history includes seasonal allergic rhinitis,for which he takes terfenadine, and mild depression, which is being treatedwith amitriptyline. A week ago, he began taking erythromycin, 500 mg qid,for acute pharyngitis.

A 41-year-old man is admitted for evaluation of acutechest pain, which started while he was watchingtelevision after dinner. The retrosternal pain was sudden,severe, pressing, and stabbing; it radiated to the neck andwas associated with dizziness and diaphoresis. The patientrated the pain as 9 on a scale of 1 to 10 (10 being the mostsevere). In the emergency department, he was given2 sublingual nitroglycerin tablets, which promptly relievedhis pain.

Your patient with atrial fibrillation (AF)is hemodynamically stable and youhave successfully established rate control.Your next step is to weigh therisks and benefits of attempting to restoresinus rhythm. In up to one half ofpatients, AF of recent onset convertsspontaneously to normal sinus rhythmwithin 24 hours. Thus, in some cases,the most appropriate approach maybe to control the ventricular response,identify and treat comorbid conditions,initiate anticoagulation, and closelymonitor the patient.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most commonsustained cardiac arrhythmia; itaffects about 2.2 million Americans.The prevalence of AF, which increaseswith age,1 is approximately 5.9% in personsolder than 65 years2 and greaterthan 10% in those older than 75 years.3

Q:What is the best screening test for suspectedrenal artery stenosis?

An 86-year-old woman complains that she has felt "not at all well" for the past day. Her symptoms include diffuse generalized weakness and nausea; she denies chest pain, shortness of breath, abdominal pain, leg swelling, palpitations, and light-headedness. Five years earlier, a pacemaker was implanted as therapy for sick sinus syndrome and atrial fibrillation.