Depression

The investigators employed the HIV Epidemiological Research Study, a longitudinal prospective cohort study, along with semiannual interview, physical examination, and laboratory assays. They recruited 773 HIV-positive women aged 16 to 55 years from 4 academic medical facilities in Baltimore; Bronx, New York; Providence, RI; and Detroit.

PARIS -- Treating the families of dying patients with compassion, keeping them informed, and establishing good communications with ICU staffers in a formal process can ease the pain of bereavement, according to investigators here.

MONTREAL -- The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) Celexa (citalopram) appears effective in treating depression among patients with coronary artery disease, researchers here found.

ANN ARBOR, Mich. -- People who are cynically distrustful tend to have higher levels of inflammatory markers associated with atherosclerosis than those who believe the best of others' motives, investigators here suggested.

MONTREAL -- Commonly used selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may increase the risk of osteoporotic fractures among patients 50 and older, researchers here found.

DUBLIN -- Many women taking tamoxifen as adjuvant breast cancer therapy are halting it well before the optimal five-year therapeutic standard and not substituting an aromatase inhibitor, researchers here reported.

NEW YORK -- Gauging the winds of medical advances is an iffy proposition at best, but for psychiatrists the new year is likely to bring much-anticipated data on the safety and efficacy of antipsychotic and bipolar medications in children and adolescents.

WATERTOWN, Mass. -- Instead of popping pills, men with erectile dysfunction may be able to improve their performance through weight loss and getting in shape.

TOLEDO, Ohio -- Migraine sufferers often have more than a headache, according to investigators here.

ROCKVILLE, Md. -- Clinical and regulatory developments in psychiatry during the year included extended black box warnings about suicide for antidepressants, new insights for treating schizophrenia gleaned from an old trial, and the possibility of a "taste test" for selecting the best medicine.

LONDON, Ontario -- Binge drinking appears linked to depression, particularly among women, according to a large survey.

PITTSBURGH -- Poor sleep is a frequent companion of depression in children, according to researchers here.

The introduction of effective antiretroviral therapy has resulted in dramatic clinical benefits for those persons who have access to it. Adherence to such therapy has emerged as both the major determinant and the Achilles' heel of this success. Many patients have levels of adherence too low for durable virologic control.

ABSTRACT: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is characterized by abdominal pain or discomfort, bloating, and constipation or diarrhea; the pain is typically relieved by defecation. The diagnosis is not one of exclusion; it can be made based on the answers to a few key questions and the absence of "alarm" symptoms. Fiber therapy, the elimination of particular foods, and regulation of bowel function can help relieve symptoms. Tegaserod or polyethylene glycol can be used to treat IBS with constipation. Loperamide and alosetron are of benefit in IBS with diarrhea (although the latter carries a small risk of ischemic colitis). Low-dose tricyclic antidepressants may be used to treat the abdominal pain associated with IBS. Probiotic therapy or rifaximin may help reduce bloating. Psychological therapies seem to improve well-being in patients with IBS.

For 3 months, a 66-year-old retired man has had increasingweakness of the lower legs with stiffness,tingling, and numbness; worsening ataxia; anergia; andexertional dyspnea of insidious onset. He has lost 8 lb,and his appetite is poor. He denies fever, cough, chest orabdominal pain, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, orthopnea,ankle swelling, bleeding disorders, hematemesis,melena, headache, vision problems, sciatica, joint pain,bladder or bowel dysfunction, and GI symptoms. He hasnocturia attributable to benign prostatic hypertrophy.

A 78-year-old widower with hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and hyperlipidemiais referred for a comprehensive geriatric assessment.His daughter is concerned about her father’s decline following her mother’s death a year ago.His memory seems to be deteriorating. His desk is cluttered with bills, but he refuses to lethis daughter help him or even look at his checkbook.

Issues of when and whom to screen for various diseases and conditions have longbeen sources of controversy. The amount of information about screening tests canbe overwhelming, and the costs of the latest preventive technology can be daunting.To provide an evidence base for decision making in one source for busy clinicians,Dr Snow has compiled key previously published reviews of the data behind the latestUS Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) screening recommendations fortype 2 diabetes, postmenopausal osteoporosis, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, andprostate cancer. Also included are reviews of the evidence concerning chemoprophylaxisof cardiovascular disease (with aspirin and with hormone replacementtherapy) as well as reviews of the latest data on screening for hypertension and depression,which were specially commissioned for this volume. The reviews containguidelines on which patients to screen and address the issue of screening frequency-in terms of both optimum patient care and maximum cost-effectiveness. Inaddition, a list of key points that summarize important “take-home” messages precedeeach review. The book also contains a valuable introduction (“How to ThinkAbout Screening” by David M. Eddy, MD, PhD) and a concise guide to 25 preventiveservices.

Q:Should hypertensive patients be discouraged from participating inmoderate to vigorous exercise?A:On the contrary, most patients with sustained hypertension should bestrongly encouraged to exercise regularly at moderate to vigorous levels.Randomized controlled clinical trials have demonstrated that increasedphysical activity can lower blood pressure (BP) and delay or prevent the developmentof hypertension and thus the need for antihypertensive medication.1In addition, physical activity can help reduce cardiovascular risk factors by improvinglipid profiles and reducing weight and blood glucose levels. In elderlypersons, exercise is associated with improvements in osteoporosis, depression,and physical functioning, as well as an enhanced sense of well-being.

The FDA has approved injectable Acetadote (acetylcysteine)from Cumberland Pharmaceuticals Incto prevent or lessen liver damage resulting from an overdoseof acetaminophen. According to the FDA, unintentionalacetaminophen overdose is responsible for 100deaths and 56,000 emergency department visits per year.

In his article, “The Primary Care Physician’s Role in Treating Mental Illness”(CONSULTANT supplement, April 15, 2003, page 24), Dr Joseph Lieberman correctlyasserts that “more and more primary care physicians are prescribing psychotropicmedications.”

An 81-year-old man presents with severe Alzheimer dementia. Hishistory includes benign prostatic hypertrophy with 2 transurethralresections. He has a remote history of tobacco use and has not used alcohol excessively. He isotherwise in good health. At the time of his original diagnosis, a cholinesterase inhibitor was notprescribed.

A 74-year-old man comes to your office because his wife and childrenhave noticed that his memory has become mildly impaired. He continuesto work part time in the family business. Recently, however, his daughter has found thathe is making significant errors with clients. For example, he has failed to show up for appointmentsthat he had scheduled, and has set up appointments with clients whom he has already served.Because of errors he has made in client billing, he has turned over the company’s bookkeepingresponsibilities to his daughter.

My patient is a 78-year-old woman with heart failure and type 2 diabetes, bothof which are well controlled.

A 43-year-old woman presents with a 1-week history of fatigue and weakness.She has also experienced vague abdominal discomfort and constipation for thepast month. She has no history of cardiac disorders.Which of the following metabolic disturbances does the ECG implicateas the most likely cause of the patient's symptoms?

Duloxetine (Cymbalta), from EliLilly and Company, has beenapproved by the FDA for the treatmentof both the emotional and thephysical symptoms of major depressivedisorders. This drug inhibitsreuptake of both serotonin andnorepinephrine.

What is bovine spongiform encephalopathy(BSE), or “mad cow disease,” and how is itthought to infect cattle?

A 51-year-old man presents with aseverely infected leg and 1- to 2-cmlesions on all of his extremities andtrunk; the bases of the lesions aredepressed, atrophic, and scarred.According to the patient, the lesionstypically appear as tender nodulesor pustules, which spontaneouslyburst, drain purulent material, andeventually heal as pictured.

Many of my patients with chronic pain are women who are depressed and whohave experienced a tragedy of some sort in their past.

For 3 days, a 42-year-old man has had episodic dullchest pain. The anterior precordial and retrosternalpain intensifies with inspiration and movement. He has nohistory of recent viral infection, hypertension, coronaryartery disease, cardiac surgery, diabetes mellitus, or hyperlipidemia.There is no family history of cardiovasculardisease.

A 72-year-old farmer is brought by his daughter for a comprehensivegeriatric assessment. His previous history is unremarkable. The patientreports that he has had vivid visual hallucinations, which he calls "visitors." He becomes frightenedand hostile when these incidents occur; on several occasions, he has exhibited violent behavioras persons around him tried to calm him. Although the patient was able to recall each episode indetail, he felt as if he had watched it from a distance and had not been an active participant.